[MUSIC] Over the course of this class, you've learned some of the basics about what social science researchers do, the topics they study, and the methods and the data that they use. I hope that through this you have come to understand what makes social science distinct. For journalism and humanities, and in some ways more challenging and more complex than the natural and life sciences. The biggest challenge we face as social scientist is that in contrast with natural and life scientist, our object of study, people, think for themselves, make choices, and they're always changing. The social units into which people organize themselves are always evolving. Breaking apart, and then reforming. And the rules are always changing. So as much as we would like to find universal rules that describe people and their interactions, and the social entities they form at all times and in all places. In reality, much of the time we can only hope to figure out the rules for a particular place, a particular time. I especially hope that what you now appreciate and understand is that we face a special difficulty in the social sciences. And proving that any relationship that we observe actually represents cause and effect. Whereas in the natural and the life sciences, researchers have the opportunity to prove cause and effect by manipulating inputs to see if there's a response. Opportunities to conduct such experiments in the social sciences are very limited. Now we did talk about a few examples of some specific cases, some specific opportunities where social scientists can conduct experiments. But most of the time in social sciences, we're working with observational data. And we really have to work hard and use advanced methods to make the case that a relationship we observe really represents cause and effect. You should now have some sense of the opportunities to conduct social science research, that are now presented by the availability of easy access to data. Data are easily accessible on the web and then can be analyzed on a home computer, perhaps even a mobile phone. Undergraduates and post graduate students can do an analysis now that perhaps 20 or 30 years ago would've required a mainframe computer at a research university and a substantial budget in order to carry out. Now there are even more opportunities to collect your own data, via online surveys, content from the Web as well as other sources. If you go on for advanced training, you'll learn more about that. Now, you should also have some appreciation of the professional and the ethical issues that can arise in conducting social science research. Because we're dealing with people, not inanimate objects. We have to worry about a lot of things, a lot of complexities that don't come up in the natural for the life scientists. And, in particular, we have to make sure that our subjects, who are taking their time to help us with our research, are not put at risk as a result of participating in our studies. Most importantly, by keeping their information safe. I hope you will go on to pursue advanced training in social science, learning, not only about topics, issues and debates, but methods and data so that you can become a social science researcher. The world is changing rapidly. Society today is already very different from what it was just a few years ago, and it will no doubt be different again in just a few years. Some of the big questions that social scientists will be examining in the coming decades include the causes and the consequences of rising inequality, the sources of ethnic, religious, and racial conflict. The ongoing transformation of the family, and the implications of this transformation. The determinants of stability and fragility of political, economic and social systems. The methods and the data that we need to understand all of this change are already available. What we need are the people, hopefully the people like you, who are talented, interested and well trained, and make use of these data and these methods to investigate the really big questions. I hope you've enjoyed this course, it's been a real pleasure to what I've learned with you over the course of these lectures.